The Mirror of the Excellences of Islam — Page xvi
xvi Ā'ĪNA-E-KAMĀLĀT-E-ISLĀM―DĀFI‘UL-WASĀWIS ā for Long vowels by: or Ĭ (like a in father). i for s or (like ee in deep). - ད ū for و ✓ (like oo in root). Other vowels by: ai for s au for (like i in site). و (resembling ou in sound). The consonants not included in the above list have the same phonetic value as in the principal languages of Europe. While the Arabic is represented by n, we have indicated the Urdu as n. As noted above, the single quotation mark is used for transliterating is distinct from the apostrophe' used for c which We have not transliterated some Arabic words which have become part of English language, e. g. Islam, Quran, Hadith, Mahdi, jihad, Ramadan, and ummah. The Royal Asiatic Society's rules of transliter- ation for names of persons, places, and other terms, are not followed throughout the book as many of the names contain non-Arabic charac- ters and carry a local transliteration and pronunciation style.