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Notes 34 Ibn Hisham, op. cit. , 688-9. 35 Sahih Muslim with Sharah al-Nawawi (Lahore: 1958, 62), vol. II, 112-13. 36 For various reports with slightly different wording see Sahih al-Bukhari and. Sahih Muslim, 'Kitab al-Iman'. 37 Bernard Lewis, Islam in History, op. cit. , 233. 38 See Bernard Lewis's detailed analysis of the genesis and evolution of this institution in Islamic history in Islam in History, op. cit. , 217-36 and also The. Jews of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 53-4. 39 Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, op. cit, 100. 40 Ignaz Goldziher, Mohammed and Islam, trans. Kate Chambers Seelye (New. Haven: Yale University Press, 1917), 74, note 3. 41 Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, op. cit. , 101. 42 Sir Judanath Sarkar, Short History of Aurangzib (Calcutta, 1954), 105-6. 43 But Bab (Door of the Spirit) Mirza Ali Muhammad, who proclaimed his prophethood, was executed at Tabriz on 9 July 1850. 44 Munir Commission Report, 218, 219. 45 ibid. , 219. . Chapter 7 1 The term used for the first four caliphs (successors) after the death of the Holy. Prophets, namely Hazrat Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali. (Their rule lasted from AD632 to 661). 2 Commentary: Bahral Muheet, vol. II, 493. 3 Tabari, vol. IV, 1873; Ibn Khaldun, vol. II, 65; Khamees, vol. II, 237, etc. 4 Tabari, vol. IV, 1849. 5 Khamees, vol. II, 64 1. 6 Ibn Hijr Al-Asqalani, Al-Isaba fi Tamyiz-is-Suhaba (Beirut: Darul Kitab AlArabi), vol. 2, 448; Al Imam-Allama Ibn ul-Athir, Usudul Ghaba fi Marifatui Sahaba (Beirut: Dar Ahyaultarath Al-Arabi), vol. 4, 3. 7 Ibn Al-Athir Al-Jazri, Alkamil fil Tarikh (Beirut: Darul Kutb Al-Almiya), vol. 2,201-5. 8 Tabari, vol. IV, 1977. 9 Masboot, vol. x, 110. 10 Fateh Al-Bari, vol. XII, 267; Imam Razi, Tafsir Kabir, vol. III, 614; Sheikh. Ibn Taimiyyah, Minhajus Sunnah, vol. II, 61-2; Tarikh-al Kamil, vol. III, 148. 11 Bukhari, Kitab al-Mustadeen wal Muanadeen wa Qitalihin, Bab Hukumul. Murtad wal Murtadda. 12 Abu Daud. 13 The Holy Quran urges: 'When you heard of it, why did not the believing men and the believing women think well of their own people, and say: This is a manifest lie . . ' (24. 13) 143