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in this day and age: 'we have entered an era in which the description of diseases are contributed by research orientated clinics and scientists. '105. At this stage, one would ask the author of Two in One if these ancient writers who he argues recognised these problems some 2,000 to 4,000 years 106 based their conclusions on research orientated clinical findings? Did the Greek physician. Hippocrates who apparently recognised these psychiatric problems some 2,300 years ago or his countryman Galen, who during the Roman era wrote about depression 107, do so as a result of clinical orientated research? Did Robert Burton who in 1630 CE 'summarised what was known at that time as depression and categorised melancholia¹108 do so on the basis of any research orientated clinical findings?. The fact of the matter is that the concept of clinical research in the field of psychology was not known until 1879 CE when. Wilhelm Wundt, who was trained as a physiologist and not a psychologist, opened the first psychology laboratory at the. University of Leipzig in Germany. But, even he and his colleagues restricted their clinical research to themselves and the validity of their findings were seriously questioned in the second decade of the twentieth century by qualified psychologists. 109 Prior to this, philosophers as well as doctors of medicine merely speculated about the mental process 110 and although significant as a foundation upon which the science of psycho-psychiatry developed, to argue that these speculations are valid even today would be extremely naive. . In fact, even Sigmund Freud, whose hypothesis are undeniably the foundation of modern psychology has had many of his theories classified as vague or imprecise and even complex¹11 and therefore, not only challenged 112 and revised 113 but also 105. Shah, Abdul Hafeez. Two in One, p. 13 108. Ibid. 111. p. 27 106. Ibid. , p. 12 109. Gross, Richard D. Psychology. p. 2 112. Ibid. p. 224 107. Ibid. 113. Ibid. , 110. Ibid. p. 342 146