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− ended in failure because Amr Bin ‘As deviated from the decision agreed ra − ± upon with Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari. ra − − − A large group of people, who were basically against the proposal of arbitration, separated from Hadrat ‘Ali and chose an independent ra Amir ± ± − − for themselves. This group was called , meaning 'The outsiders'. Khawariji − − At first, Hadrat ‘Ali tried to persuade them to submit to him, but failed. ra ± ± − This led to a fierce battle in which most of the were killed. Khawariji − − After this crushing defeat, the planned to assassinate Khawariji − − Hadrat ‘Ali , Hadrat Amir Muawiah and Amr Bin ‘As. The latter two ra ra ra ± ± − ± ± − − − escaped from the attempts on their lives. Hadrat ‘Ali was fatally wounded ra ± ± − by his attacker, while going to the mosque for prayer. Two days latter, Fajr this courageous and pious passed away on 20th , 40 AH. Khalifah Ramadan − ± − Undoubtedly, Hadrat ‘Ali sacrificed his life for the integrity of. ra Khilafat ± ± − − He was one of the ten blessed ones to whom the Holy Prophet had given sa the glad tidings that they had been rewarded the Paradise. Accession of Hadrat Hasan ra ± ± ± On the death of Hadrat ‘Ali , his eldest son Hasan was elected as ra ra ± ± − ± the. As soon as Muawiah learned of this, he invaded Iraq and a Khalifah ra − − battle ensued between Muawiah and Hasan's armies. Hasan realized the ra ra ra − ± ± seriousness of the situation and sent a letter of submission to Muawiah. ra − Hasan agreed to abdicate his right to in favor of Muawiah on ra ra Khilafat ± − − the condition that after Muawiah's death, Hasan's younger brother, ra ra − ± Husain will be made the After this agreement, Hasan retired to ra ra Khalifah. ± − ± his family in Medina, where he was poisoned to death at the instigation of Yazid, the son of Muawiah. ra − − (The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Cyril Glasse, Stacey International, London, − 1989, pp 33-34; A Book of Religious Knowledge, Waheed Ahmad, p. 152) 203