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− If there is a doubt as to how many have been performed, Rak‘at − then one should observe the rule of certainty, i. e. , if the doubt is whether one has offered three or four , for instance, one should offer the Rak‘at − fourth to be on the safe side though one might have offered it Rak‘at before. (Salat: The Muslim Prayer Book, Islam International Publications, ± − − London, UK, pp 62-63) b) Voluntary Prayers Nawafil − In addition to the obligatory Prayers, Muslims may offer voluntary Prayers. These additional of Prayer apart from Rak‘at − Fard Sunnah Rak‘at Nawafil Nafal. and are called Prayers or Those ± − − who voluntarily offer Prayers reap the benefits of Allah's Nawafil − − favors. Nawafil Prayers are as follows: − 1. Eight of. Rak‘at Tahajjud − 2. Two after the two of at the Rak‘at Rak‘at Sunnah − − end of Prayer. Zuhr ± 3. Four before of Prayer. Rak‘at Fard ‘Asr − ± ± 4. Two after two of in Rak‘at Rak‘at Sunnah Maghrib − − Prayer. 5. Four of. The Prayer consists of two Rak‘at Ishraq − − phases; offering two when the sun has risen Rak‘at − for a while but not enough to have heated up the environment (approximately up to two hours after the sunrise). Once the latter has occurred, this is the second phase, in which one may offer four or eight Rak‘at Salatul Ishraq. The first phase is known as − ± − − and the second. It also has been named Salatul Duha ± − ± − Salatul Awwabin. However, in some Traditions, the ± − − − 122