A Review of the Debate between Batalavi and Chakrhalavi — Page xii
xii xii A REVIEW OF THE DEBATE BETWEEN BAT A LAV I AND CHAKRH A LAV I au for و __ َ ___ (resembling ou in sound ). The consonants not included in the above list have the same pho- netic value as in the principal languages of Europe. While the Arabic ن is represented by n , we have indicated the Urdu ں as ń. As noted above, the single quotation mark ‘ is used for trans- literating ع which is distinct from the apostrophe ’ used for ء. We have not transliterated some Arabic words which have become part of English language, e. g. , Islam, Quran, hadith, Mahdi, jihad, Ramadan and ummah. The Royal Asiatic Society’s rules of transliteration for names of persons, places, and other terms, are not followed throughout the book as many of the names contain non-Arabic characters and carry a local translitera- tion and pronunciation style.