Flowers for the Women Wearing Veils - Volume I — Page 111
! ! 111 would describe it in such a way so as to reveal the whole scope of this emotion. 10. Conjugation and Syntax: The tenth form of knowledge relates to language. Sarf or conjugation means the inflection of words in their individual capacity and the knowledge of tenses. For example, ‘eat’ is one word, from which the words, ‘ate’, ‘eats’, and ‘eaten’ are derived. The s cience of conjugat ion tells us how these words are derived and the impact of this change up on th e meaning and form of the word. It also indicates the singular, plural, masculine , and feminine forms of the words. Syntax explains the meaning of words when put together. It lays down the rules of arrangements and composition of sentences , such as which word comes first , and which word is placed last. How does such arrangement affect the meaning of the sentence? For instance, the difference between, ‘I ate bread’ and ‘bread I ate’. Syntax will tell us which of these sentences is correct. Each language will have a separate set of rules for the arrangement of words. One can speak his mother tongue , or native language , correctly but cannot speak a foreign language properly without understanding their syntax , therefore it is essential to be aware of syntax. In our country , even a n illiterate female f armworker will never say ‘bread I ate. ’ Rather she will say it as, ‘I ate bread’. However, one born abroad , such as an Englishman or an Arab or an Iranian , will surely say it incorrectly , unless he understands syntax. In the Arabic language , syntax indicates the meaning and effect of punctuation marks which replace s and function s as words. 11. Education : The eleventh scie nce related to language is e ducation. Education is the science of teaching others. It is not the same as giving a lecture, which is intended to convince others. Th e purpose of education is to impart one’s own knowledge. Education has many aspects and can be di vided into various categories. This has become an independent science. 12. Poetry: The twelfth category is that of poetry and it studies the motivation behind creating poetry , the beauty therein, and the various types of poetry. 13. Prosody : The thirteenth study is prosody. This is the study of a poem’s meter and rhythm. This also explains whether the poem is a ghazal [ Middle Eastern or Indian lyrical poem] or a r ubayee