The Essence of Waqf-e-Nau — Page 28
28 Long vowels by: a for __ ٰ ___ or آ (like a in father ). i for ی __ ِ ___ or __ ٖ ___ (like ee in deep ). u for و __ ُ ___ _ (like oo in root ). Other vowels by: ai for ی __ َ ___ (like i in site ). au for و __ َ ___ (resembling ou in sound ). The consonants not included in the above list have the same phonetic value as in the principal languages of Europe. As noted above, the single quotation mark ‘ is used for translit- erating ع which is distinct from the apostrophe ’ used for ء. We have not transliterated some Arabic words which have become part of English language, e. g. Islam, Quran, Hadith, Mahdi, jihad, Ramadan, and ummah. The Royal Asiatic Society’s rules of transliteration for names of persons, places, and other terms, are not followed throughout the book as many of the names contain non-Arabic characters and carry a local transliteration and pronunciation style.