Approaching the West — Page 213
Note on Transliteration In this American edition, the transliteration of the Arabic words and expressions has been converted to the Royal Asiatic Society standards as follows. The Y is represented by ’ , a sort of catch in the voice, and by the a‘r ā b, if applicable, as indicated below. The Z is represented by a or the a‘r ā b, as indicated below. The [ is represented by b. The \ is represented by t. The ] is represented by th , pronounced like th in the English word thing. The _ is represented by by j. The a is represented by ™. The b is represented by kh pronounced like the Scottish ch in loch. The d is represented by d. The e is represented by dh pronounced like the th in the English words that and with. The f is represented by r. The g is represented by z. The i is represented by s. The j is represented by sh. The k is represented by ”. The l is represented by ñ pronounced like the th in the English word this. The m is represented by ’. The n is represented by Â. The o is represented by ‘ , a strong gluttoral specific to Arabic. Th p is represented by gh , a sound approached very nearly in the r grasseye in French. The q is represented by f. The r is represented by q. The t is represented by k. The v is represented by l. The w is represented by m. The x is represented by n. The y is represented by h. The z is represented by v or w. The } is represented by y. The fat ™ a is represented by an a (pronounced like the u in the English word bud ) when short, and by å (pronounced like the a in the English word father ) when long, by ai (pronounced like the ay in the English word say ) when followed by a ya, and by au (pronounced resembling the ou in the English word sound ) when followed by a waw. The kasrah is represented by an i (pronounced like the i in the English word bid ) when short, by ∏ (pronounced like the ee in the English word deep ) when long. The ñ amma is represented by a u (pronounced like the oo in the English word wood ) when short, by · (pronounced like the oo in the English word shoot ) when long.