World Crisis and the Pathway to Peace — Page 263
263 PUBLISHERS’ NOTE Short vowels are represented by: a for (like u in bud ) i for (like i in bid ) u for (like oo in wood ) Long vowels by: a for or آ (like a in father ); i for ی or (like ee in deep ); u for و (like oo in root ); Other: ai for ی (like i in site ); au for و (resembling ou in sound ) The consonants not included in the above list have the same pho- netic value as in the principal languages of Europe. While the Arabic ن is represented by n , we have indicated the Urdu ں as n. Curved commas are used in the system of transliteration, ‘ for ع , ’ for ء. We have not transliterated Arabic words which have become part of English language, e. g. Islam, Qur’an, Hadith, Mahdi, jihad, Ramadan and ummah. The Royal Asiatic Society rules of translit- eration for names of persons, places and other terms, could not be followed throughout the book as many of the names contain non- Arabic characters and carry a local transliteration and pronuncia- tion style which in itself is also not consistent either. The Publishers