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− SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION This book has the Arabic text and its English transliteration. We have adopted the following system for the English transliteration in this book: The is represented by 'a' or the a‘rab, by b, by t, by j, A L P X ` − by h, by d, by r, by z, by s, by sh, by s, by t, by z, e i k p t x ¢ ¦ ± ± ± ± ² ¶ º ¾ Â Æ Ê Ë by f, by q, by k, by l, by m, by n, by h, by v or w, and Ô by y. For we have used pronounced like in the English word T th, th thing. kh ch loch. For we have used pronounced like the Scottish in d For we have used pronounced like the in the English words g dh th that with th and. For we have used d pronounced like the in the ~ ± English word For we have used ‘ , a strong gluttoral specific to this. ª Arabic. For we have used , a sound approached very nearly in the ® gh r grasseye in French. For we have used a sort of catch in the voice. Õ ’, We have represented by an (pronounced like the in the fatha a u English word ) when short and by (pronounced like the in English bud a a − word ) when long, by (pronounced like the i in the English word father ai say ya au ou ) when followed by a , and by (pronounced resembling the in the English word ) when followed by a. sound waw We have represented by an (pronounced like the in the kasrah i i English word ) when short, by (pronounced like the in the English bid i ee − word ) when long. deep 15