Muhammad and The Jews — Page 60
Ya~ya B. Adam (140/757-203/818), who "is usually said by critics to be reliable. . . and was primarily a traditionist and legist of the orthodox school" 1 reports that the B. al-Na9ir were the first to be deported from Yathrib. 2 Imam Shafiei (150/767-204/820) mentions that the Apostle employed Jewish auxiliaries of the B. Qaynuqa" against the Jews of Khaybar (7/628). 3 Ibn al-~Imii. d (1032/ 1623-1089/1679), though a late writer yet "still useful as a preliminary source of informa- tion "4, has covered in Shiidlzarat al-Dhahab important events of the Apostle's life from the time of his Hijrah. He also did not mention the expulsion of the B. Qaynuqii. " from Yathrib in the second year of the Hijrah or during the Apostle's life. 5 The Qur. ,an supports this view. Surat al-Jf ashr, which was revealed after the Battle of UI:rnd, in the fourth year of the Hijrah and deals with the banishment of the B. al-Na9ir from Medina, refer to their expulsion as "the first exile". 6 While the Qur. ,ii. n mentions the B. al-Na9ir's expulsion and the B. Quranah's punishment, it does not refer to the B. Qaynuqii. "s expulsion although they were the first who came into conflict with the Muslims. Al-Waqidi, and Ibn Sa"d report that the following verse was revealed regarding the B. Qaynuqa": And if thou apprehend treachery from a people, (who have made a pact with thee) terminate the pact with equity. Surely Allah loves not the treacherous. 7 The above passage has been quoted out of context. The penultimate verse of the same surahB explicitly excludes the B. Qaynuqa", 1 Joseph Schacht, Encyclopaedia of Islam (l), Vol. IV, p. 1150. . 2 Yabya b. Adam, Kitab al-Kharaj (Leiden, 1896) p. 20. Schacht describes the book as "important for the history of land tax in Islam. A. Ben Shemesh has published an English translation of the book under the title Taxation in Islam, Vol. I (Leiden, 1958). 8 Al-Shafi"'i, Kitab al-Umm (Cairo, 1381/1961), Vol. VI, p. 261; Vol. VII, p. 342. 4 F. Rosenthal, EI (2), Vol. III, p. 807. 5 Ibn al-"' I mad, "Abd al-I;Iayy b. AJ:imad al-I;Ianbali Shadharat al-Dhahab fi Akhbiir Man Dhahab (Beirut, 1966) Vol. I, pp. 9-10. 6 Al-Tabari, Jami"' al-Bayiin (Cairo, 1954), Vol. XXVIII, pp. 27-29. Al-Zamakhshari, Al-Kashshiif (Cairo, 1966), Vol. IV, pp. 79-81. Al-Bayc;lawi, Anwar al-Tanzi/ wa Asriir al-Ta 0 wil, ed. by H. 0. Fleischer (Osnabruck, 1968), Vol. II, p. 332. 7 The Qur 0 an, Al-Anfiil, 58. 8 Ibid. , 56. 60