The Holy War — Page xx
PUBLISHER'S NOTE xix Short vowels are represented by: a for i for и for و Long vowels by: ā for ۱ for for و Other vowels by: (like u in bud). (like i in bid). (like oo in wood). or آ )like a in father(. or ۱ (like ee in deep). (like oo in root). ai for (like i in site). (resembling ou in sound). aufor The consonants not included in the above list have the same phonetic value as in the principal languages of Europe. While the Arabic ن is represented by n, we have indicated the Urdu ں as n . As noted above, the single quotation mark' is used for transliterating which is distinct from the apostrophe 'used for • We have not transliterated some Arabic words which have become part of the English language, e. g. Islam, Quran, Hadith, Mahdi, jihad, Ramadan, and ummah. The Royal Asiatic Society's rules of transliter- ation for names of persons, places, and other terms, are not followed throughout the book as many of the names contain non-Arabic charac- ters and carry a local transliteration and pronunciation style.