Flowers for the Women Wearing Veils - Volume I — Page 105
! ! 105 witness’s testimony , and assessing the judge’s knowledge, familiarity [of the case], taqwa , and piety, etc. The second part to this institution is the history of justice. How was thi s institution developed and who were the notable Muslim judges from history ? 9. Knowledge of the Rules of Inheritance: Though the rules of inheritance are included in Fiqh , it is also an independent science, as it affects politics and the nation. 10. Knowledge of Prayers and Remembrance of Allah : This outlines the timings and what to recite when engaged in prayers , as well as the remembrance of Alla h. 11. Ilm Us S air: This study covers the way of life of the companions of Prophets and other pious elders. 12. Moral Philosophy: This explains how to rid oneself of damaging habits and behavior s while adopting a good cha racter and good manners. This [science] also reveals the c auses behind moral diseases in human beings and why these are considered diseases. 13. Kalam [word or speech ] : This study explains how to prove Islam’s superiority over other religions and how to establish the principles of Islam through argument. Within the k alam branch is the scie nce of debate, which explain s the failure of doctrines supported by those religions that oppose Islam. For example , highlighting the errors of the Christian belief in the Trinity and the notion that God inhabits a human form. O r , that Hindu b eliefs are erroneous. This study of debate h as two parts. One part is refu ti ng the opposite party with arguments. The second deals with the principles of k alam which defines the criterion of truth and the ways in which to confront the opposition. The science of k alam is comprised of the above principles. 14. Islam ic Politics : What is the system of government? What is the relationship between citizens and government? What are the rights of the government over citize ns and vice versa? This is a vast subject. H ow should the government govern and what is its relationship with other governments.