Divine Manifestations — Page xi
ط ظ ع غ ق xi t, strongly articulated palatal t. 2, strongly articulated z. ', a strong guttural, the pronunciation of which must be learnt by the ear. gh, a sound approached very nearly in the r 'grasseye' in French, and in the German r. It requires the muscles of the throat to be in the 'gargling' position whilst pronouncing it. q, a deep guttural k sound. ', a sort of catch in the voice. Short vowels are represented by: a for (like u in 'bud'); i for (like i in 'bid'); u for (like oo in 'wood'); Long vowels by: ā for ۱ or (like a in 'father'); for or (like ee in 'deep'); for و (like oo in 'root'); Other: ai for (like i in 'site'); و aufor (resembling ou in 'sound'). The consonants not included in the above list have the same phonetic value as in the principal languages of Europe. • In Arabic words like شيخ Shaikh) there is an element of diphthong which is missing when the word is pronounced in Urdu.