Defence Against the Plague and a Criterion for the Elect of God — Page 52
52 Long vowels by: HADRAT MIRZA GHULAM AHMAD a for ۱ or آ )like a in father(. i for (like ee in deep). u for و Other vowels by: or (like oo in root). ai for (like i in site). (resembling ou in sound). au for The consonants not included in the above list have the same pho- netic value as in the principal languages of Europe. While the Arabic is represented by n, we have indicated the Urdu as 1. As noted above, the single quotation mark ' is used for transliterating which is distinct from the apostrophe ' used for ء. ع We have not transliterated some Arabic words which have become part of English language, e. g. Islam, Quran, hadith, Mahdi, jihad, Ramadan and ummah. The Royal Asiatic Society's rules of transliteration for names of persons, places, and other terms, are not followed throughout the book as many of the names contain non-Arabic characters and carry a local translitera- tion and pronunciation style.